diff --git a/app/portfolio.css b/app/portfolio.css
index 659a893..64d7096 100644
--- a/app/portfolio.css
+++ b/app/portfolio.css
@@ -234,6 +234,22 @@
     line-height: 1.75;
   }
 
+  .content-stack-default > * + * {
+    margin-top: 1rem;
+  }
+
+  .content-stack-relaxed > * + * {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem;
+  }
+
+  .section-heading-stack > * + * {
+    margin-top: 1rem;
+  }
+
+  .hero-copy-stack > * + * {
+    margin-top: 1rem;
+  }
+
   .type-brand {
     font-size: var(--text-brand);
     line-height: 1;
@@ -544,6 +560,14 @@
     border-color: var(--meta-border-color);
   }
 
+  .project-card-copy > * + * {
+    margin-top: 1.5rem;
+  }
+
+  .project-meta-item > * + * {
+    margin-top: 0.5rem;
+  }
+
   .surface-chip {
     @apply rounded-full border;
     border-color: var(--color-line);
@@ -616,6 +640,10 @@
     line-height: 1.55;
   }
 
+  .contact-card-copy > * + * {
+    margin-top: 0.75rem;
+  }
+
   .contact-value-ltr {
     direction: ltr;
     unicode-bidi: isolate;
diff --git a/components/home-page.tsx b/components/home-page.tsx
index bf604a2..4d70d44 100644
--- a/components/home-page.tsx
+++ b/components/home-page.tsx
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
                   {founderName}
                 </h1>
 
-                <div className="mt-8 max-w-2xl space-y-4">
+                <div className="hero-copy-stack mt-8 max-w-2xl">
                   <p className="type-body-responsive uppercase tracking-[0.18em] text-[var(--color-muted)]">
                     {t.ui.architectureEngineer}
                   </p>
@@ -110,18 +110,18 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
           </div>
 
           <div className="grid gap-5 md:grid-cols-2">
-            <div className="soft-card">
+            <div className="soft-card content-stack-default">
               <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.profile}</p>
-              <p className="type-card-title-small display-face mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+              <p className="type-card-title-small display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                 {t.hero.profileBlurb}
               </p>
             </div>
-            <div className="gradient-card">
+            <div className="gradient-card content-stack-default">
               <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.hero.featuredProjectTitle}</p>
-              <p className="type-card-title display-face mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+              <p className="type-card-title display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                 {t.featured.projects[0]?.location ?? address}
               </p>
-              <p className="type-body mt-3 text-[var(--color-muted)]">{t.hero.featuredProjectText}</p>
+              <p className="type-body text-[var(--color-muted)]">{t.hero.featuredProjectText}</p>
             </div>
           </div>
         </section>
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
                 description={t.about.description}
               />
 
-              <div className="type-body-editorial mt-8 max-w-2xl space-y-5 text-[var(--color-muted)]">
+              <div className="content-stack-relaxed type-body-editorial mt-8 max-w-2xl text-[var(--color-muted)]">
                 {t.about.paragraphs.map((paragraph) => (
                   <p key={paragraph}>{paragraph}</p>
                 ))}
@@ -145,18 +145,18 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
           </div>
 
           <div id="philosophy" className="grid gap-5 scroll-mt-28">
-            <div className="gradient-card">
+            <div className="gradient-card content-stack-default">
               <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.designPhilosophy}</p>
-              <p className="type-card-title display-face mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+              <p className="type-card-title display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                 "{t.philosophy.quote}"
               </p>
             </div>
 
-            <div className="soft-card">
+            <div className="soft-card content-stack-default">
               <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.materialsMood}</p>
-              <p className="type-body-editorial mt-4 text-[var(--color-muted)]">{t.philosophy.body}</p>
+              <p className="type-body-editorial text-[var(--color-muted)]">{t.philosophy.body}</p>
 
-              <div className="mt-6 flex flex-wrap gap-3">
+              <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-3">
                 {t.philosophy.tags.map((item) => (
                   <span
                     key={item}
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
 
           <div className="grid gap-5 md:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
             {t.sectors.categories.map((category, index) => (
-              <article key={category} className="soft-card min-h-[190px]">
+              <article key={category} className="soft-card content-stack-relaxed min-h-[190px]">
                 <p className="eyebrow-note">{String(index + 1).padStart(2, "0")}</p>
-                <h3 className="type-card-title mt-8 text-[var(--color-ink)]">{category}</h3>
+                <h3 className="type-card-title text-[var(--color-ink)]">{category}</h3>
               </article>
             ))}
           </div>
@@ -224,14 +224,14 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
                 {t.awards.items.map((award, index) => (
                   <article
                     key={`${award.year}-${award.title}`}
-                    className="surface-card rounded-[24px] p-5"
+                    className="surface-card content-stack-default rounded-[24px] p-5"
                   >
                     <div className="flex flex-col gap-3 sm:flex-row sm:items-start sm:justify-between">
                       <p className="eyebrow-note">{String(index + 1).padStart(2, "0")}</p>
                       <p className="type-label font-semibold text-[var(--color-blue-400)]">{award.year}</p>
                     </div>
-                    <h3 className="type-card-title-small mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">{award.title}</h3>
-                    <p className="type-body mt-3 text-[var(--color-muted)]">{award.description}</p>
+                    <h3 className="type-card-title-small text-[var(--color-ink)]">{award.title}</h3>
+                    <p className="type-body text-[var(--color-muted)]">{award.description}</p>
                   </article>
                 ))}
               </div>
@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
               />
 
               <div className="mt-10 grid gap-6 md:grid-cols-2">
-                <div>
+                <div className="content-stack-default">
                   <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.coreSkills}</p>
-                  <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap gap-3">
+                  <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-3">
                     {t.craft.skills.map((skill) => (
                       <span
                         key={skill}
@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
                   </div>
                 </div>
 
-                <div>
+                <div className="content-stack-default">
                   <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.software}</p>
-                  <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap gap-3">
+                  <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-3">
                     {t.craft.software.map((tool) => (
                       <span
                         key={tool}
@@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
 
           <div className="grid gap-5">
             {t.craft.additionalProjects.map((project) => (
-              <article key={project.title} className="gradient-card">
+              <article key={project.title} className="gradient-card content-stack-default">
                 <p className="eyebrow-note">{project.year}</p>
-                <h3 className="type-card-title mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.title}</h3>
-                <p className="type-body mt-3 text-[var(--color-muted)]">{project.type}</p>
-                <p className="type-label-wide mt-8 font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+                <h3 className="type-card-title text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.title}</h3>
+                <p className="type-body text-[var(--color-muted)]">{project.type}</p>
+                <p className="type-label-wide font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                   {project.location}
                 </p>
               </article>
@@ -318,26 +318,26 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
             </div>
 
             <div className="grid gap-5 sm:grid-cols-2">
-              <Link href={`${basePath}/resume`} className="soft-card block">
+              <Link href={`${basePath}/resume`} className="soft-card content-stack-default block">
                 <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.onlineResume}</p>
-                <p className="type-card-title display-face mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+                <p className="type-card-title display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                   {t.ui.viewFullResume}
                 </p>
               </Link>
               {hasResume ? (
-                <Link href={resumeFile.href} className="gradient-card block" download>
+                <Link href={resumeFile.href} className="gradient-card content-stack-default block" download>
                   <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.pdfDownload}</p>
-                  <p className="type-card-title display-face mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+                  <p className="type-card-title display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                     {t.ui.downloadCv}
                   </p>
                 </Link>
               ) : (
-                <div className="gradient-card">
+                <div className="gradient-card content-stack-default">
                   <p className="eyebrow-note">{t.ui.pdfDownload}</p>
-                  <p className="type-card-title display-face mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+                  <p className="type-card-title display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">
                     {t.ui.downloadCv}
                   </p>
-                  <p className="type-body mt-3 text-[var(--color-muted)]">{t.ui.resumeUnavailable}</p>
+                  <p className="type-body text-[var(--color-muted)]">{t.ui.resumeUnavailable}</p>
                 </div>
               )}
             </div>
@@ -346,9 +346,9 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
 
         <section className="grid gap-5 md:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-4">
           {t.metrics.map((metric) => (
-            <article key={metric.label} className="soft-card text-center">
+            <article key={metric.label} className="soft-card content-stack-default text-center">
               <p className="type-metric display-face text-[var(--color-ink)]">{metric.value}</p>
-              <p className="type-label-wide mt-4 text-[var(--color-muted)]">
+              <p className="type-label-wide text-[var(--color-muted)]">
                 {metric.label}
               </p>
             </article>
@@ -378,17 +378,17 @@ export function HomePage({ language }: { language: Language }) {
                 const isPhoneValue = item.kind === "phone" || item.kind === "whatsapp";
                 const isLtrValue = isEmail || isPhoneValue;
                 const content = (
-                  <>
+                  <div className="contact-card-copy">
                     <p className="contact-label text-[var(--color-muted)]">{item.label}</p>
                     <p
                       dir={isLtrValue ? "ltr" : undefined}
-                      className={`contact-value mt-3 break-words font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)] ${
+                      className={`contact-value break-words font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)] ${
                         isEmail ? "contact-value-email" : ""
                       } ${isPhoneValue ? "contact-value-ltr" : ""}`}
                     >
                       {item.value}
                     </p>
-                  </>
+                  </div>
                 );
                 const cardClass =
                   `contact-card ${shouldSpan ? "md:col-span-2" : ""}`;
diff --git a/components/project-card.tsx b/components/project-card.tsx
index 6ff3fd8..9f41167 100644
--- a/components/project-card.tsx
+++ b/components/project-card.tsx
@@ -49,36 +49,36 @@ export function ProjectCard({
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <div className="flex flex-col justify-center">
+      <div className="project-card-copy flex flex-col justify-center">
         <div className="type-label-wide flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-2 text-[var(--color-muted)] sm:flex-nowrap">
           <span>{project.id}</span>
           <span className="project-rule-line h-px w-12 shrink-0" />
           <span>{project.location}</span>
         </div>
 
-        <h3 className="type-project-title mt-5 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+        <h3 className="type-project-title text-[var(--color-ink)]">
           {project.title}
         </h3>
-        <p className="type-body-responsive mt-5 max-w-xl text-[var(--color-muted)]">
+        <p className="type-body-responsive max-w-xl text-[var(--color-muted)]">
           {project.description}
         </p>
 
-        <dl className="project-meta-list mt-8 grid gap-4 border-y py-6 sm:grid-cols-3">
-          <div>
+        <dl className="project-meta-list grid gap-4 border-y py-6 sm:grid-cols-3">
+          <div className="project-meta-item">
             <dt className="eyebrow-note">{labels?.year ?? "Year"}</dt>
-            <dd className="type-body mt-2 font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.year}</dd>
+            <dd className="type-body font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.year}</dd>
           </div>
-          <div>
+          <div className="project-meta-item">
             <dt className="eyebrow-note">{labels?.area ?? "Area"}</dt>
-            <dd className="type-body mt-2 font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.area}</dd>
+            <dd className="type-body font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.area}</dd>
           </div>
-          <div>
+          <div className="project-meta-item">
             <dt className="eyebrow-note">{labels?.role ?? "Role"}</dt>
-            <dd className="type-body mt-2 font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.role}</dd>
+            <dd className="type-body font-semibold text-[var(--color-ink)]">{project.role}</dd>
           </div>
         </dl>
 
-        <ul className="type-chip mt-8 grid gap-3 text-[var(--color-muted)] sm:grid-cols-2">
+        <ul className="type-chip grid gap-3 text-[var(--color-muted)] sm:grid-cols-2">
           {project.highlights.map((highlight) => (
             <li key={highlight} className="flex items-center gap-3">
               <span className="h-2 w-2 rounded-full bg-[var(--color-blue-500)]" />
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ export function ProjectCard({
         {project.sheetImage ? (
           <a
             href={project.sheetImage}
-            className="button-secondary mt-8 w-fit"
+            className="button-secondary w-fit"
             target="_blank"
             rel="noreferrer"
           >
diff --git a/components/section-heading.tsx b/components/section-heading.tsx
index 944b06c..425d645 100644
--- a/components/section-heading.tsx
+++ b/components/section-heading.tsx
@@ -11,16 +11,19 @@ export function SectionHeading({
   description,
   align = "left",
 }: SectionHeadingProps) {
-  const alignment = align === "center" ? "mx-auto max-w-3xl text-center" : "max-w-3xl";
+  const alignment =
+    align === "center"
+      ? "section-heading-stack mx-auto max-w-3xl text-center"
+      : "section-heading-stack max-w-3xl";
 
   return (
     <div className={alignment}>
       <p className="section-kicker">{eyebrow}</p>
-      <h2 className="type-section-title mt-4 text-[var(--color-ink)]">
+      <h2 className="type-section-title text-[var(--color-ink)]">
         {title}
       </h2>
       {description ? (
-        <p className="type-body-responsive mt-5 text-[var(--color-muted)]">{description}</p>
+        <p className="type-body-responsive text-[var(--color-muted)]">{description}</p>
       ) : null}
     </div>
   );